Orthopaedic

Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders.

Fractures: Treatment involves setting and immobilizing the broken bone with casts, splints, or surgery for more complex fractures.
Osteoarthritis: Management includes lifestyle changes, physical therapy, pain relief medications, joint injections (corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid), or joint replacement surgery in severe cases.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment often includes disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and physical therapy.
Ligament Injuries (e.g., ACL tear): Treatment can involve rest, physical therapy, bracing, or surgical reconstruction for severe cases.
Tendinitis (e.g., Achilles tendinitis, tennis elbow): Initial treatment includes rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications. Severe cases may require corticosteroid injections or surgery.
Rotator Cuff Tears: Treatment options range from conservative measures like physical therapy and anti-inflammatory medication to surgical repair for complete tears.

Knee Treatment

Sudden knee pain is often caused by overusing the knee or injuring it.

Hip Treatment

Some medications can be injected directly into the hip to treat your pain.

Shoulder Treatment

Over-the-counter or prescription anti-inflammatory medications.

What are three treatment options for shoulder pain?

Treatment

Resting your arm and avoiding painful activities.
Over-the-counter or prescription anti-inflammatory medications.
Applying heat or ice to the shoulder.
Steroid injections.
Physical therapy, including exercises designed to restore.

Is heat good for shoulder pain?

Applying heat to your shoulder increases the blood flow to the area, meaning it’s good for symptoms that might be brought on by poor circulation. This means applying heat to your shoulder is good for treating frozen shoulder or stiffness as well as muscle spasms and can really help with arthritis pain.

Is shoulder pain permanent?

The condition will usually resolve itself in time, but it may take as long as two to three years. The pain can be severe and you may feel sudden muscle pains, called muscle spasms, especially at night. You may need painkillers to help. Sometimes a treatment called a volume hydrodilatation is used for frozen shoulder.

For the respiratory system

Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors undertaken by pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and governments. As a result of this complex path from discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard practice for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines. Governments generally regulate what drugs can be marketed, how drugs are marketed, and in some jurisdictions,

Chest CT Scan

Although pulmonary medicine only began to evolve as a medical specialty in the 1950s, William Welch and William Osler founded the ‘parent’ organization of the American Thoracic Society

One of the first major discoveries relevant to the field of pulmonology was the discovery of pulmonary circulation. Originally, it was thought that blood reaching the right side of the heart passed through small ‘pores’ in the septum into the left side to be oxygenated, as theorized by Galen; however, the discovery of pulmonary circulation disproves this theory, which had previously been accepted since the 2nd century. Thirteenth century anatomist and physiologist Ibn Al-Nafis accurately theorized that there was no ‘direct’ passage between the two sides.